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A stylized open book illustrates the five phases of glucose homeostasis. The left page shows digestive organs and food, while the right page depicts a liver, molecular structures, and a DNA helix, all in a glowing, futuristic setting.

Le Cinque Fasi dell'Omeostasi del Glucosio L'adattamento metabolico al digiuno può essere descritto attraverso cinque fasi successive, che si susseguono in modo continuo e integrato. Per determinare in quale fase dell'omeostasi si trova l'organismo, oltre a considerare il tempo trascorso dall'ultimo pasto, è possibile effettuare il rapporto tra la glicemia e la chetonemia (concentrazione dei corpi chetonici nel sangue): un significativo aumento della chetonemia è indice di una deficienza di glucosio che può avere origini esogene (dieta) o cliniche. Fase 1 – Fase assimilativa: corrisponde all'alimentazione normale; l'organismo è ben rifornito di glucosio e di tutti i macronutrienti, con utilizzo prevalente di glucosio esogeno. Il fegato rimuove circa il 70% del glucosio assorbito e lo immagazzina come glicogeno; in caso di eccesso calorico, converte il surplus in acidi grassi e gliceridi trasportati tramite VLDL nel tessuto adiposo. Fase 2 – Fase glicogenolitica: inizia dopo circa 4–6 ore dall'ultimo pasto, quando l'apporto esogeno di glucosio è esaurito e il glucosio libero non è più sufficiente. L'organismo attinge alle riserve di glicogeno epatico per supportare il metabolismo energetico. Questa fase può essere considerata la prima "di debito": la combinazione di glicogenolisi e gluconeogenesi — i cui livelli si mantengono ancora bassi — consente il mantenimento della glicemia entro i valori di riferimento. La degradazione del glicogeno avviene attraverso l'azione della Mehr sehen

#science #biology #medical illustration

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