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Oil painting of a crowned, bearded man in golden robes, with other figures, a castle, and battle scenes in the background.

1. Центральный элемент Иван III и становление Российского государства (конец XV — начало XVI века) ⸻ 2. Основные ветви A. Испытания • Внутренние: • Усиление боярской власти → борьба с удельными князьями • Сопротивление новому централизационному управлению • Внешние: • Орда и наследие Золотой Орды → окончательное избавление от ордынского ига (1480, стояние на реке Угре) • Конфликты с Литвой и Новгородом (вхождение Новгорода в состав Русского государства в 1478) ⸻ B. Победы • Военные: • Присоединение Новгорода (1478) • Присоединение Твери (1485) • Стояние на Угре (1480) → окончательное освобождение от ордынского ига • Политические: • Централизация власти в Москве • Формирование единого государства, укрепление великокняжеской власти • Культурные: • Начало строительства Московского Кремля • Расцвет древнерусской живописи и иконописи ⸻ C. Факторы успеха • Географический фактор → выгодное положение Москвы для объединения земель • Народный характер → объединение населения вокруг князя • Исторический опыт → опыт борьбы с ордынским игом, знание механизмов управления • Национальная идея → объединение русских земель под единой властью ⸻ D. Ключевые личности • Иван III – великий князь Московский, объединитель земель • Александр Невский (исторический пример для вдохновения) – символ борьбы за независимость • Бояре, поддержавшие централизацию ⸻ E. Ключевые события • Стояние на реке Угре (1480) • Присоединение Новгорода (1478) • Присоединение Твери (1485) • Начало строительства Московского Mehr sehen

#history #painting #russian culture #technical illustration

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