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Detailed, vibrant illustration of cellular catabolism, showing digestion, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport with labeled molecules and organs.

# Cellular Catabolism: Three-Stage Energy Production ## Overview of Catabolism - **Catabolism**: The process of breaking down macromolecules to produce energy (ATP, NADH, FADH₂) - Three sequential stages convert foodstuffs into cellular energy - Later stages require oxygen—this is why you breathe ## Stage 1: Digestion (Breakdown of Macromolecules) - **Location**: Digestive tract and lysosomes - **Function**: Breakdown of macromolecules into simple subunits - **Enzymes involved**: - **Amylases**: Hydrolyze starch into sugars (produced by salivary glands) - **Proteases** (e.g., pepsin): Hydrolyze polypeptides into amino acids (most active at low pH in stomach) - **Lipases**: Hydrolyze fats and oils into fatty acids (produced by pancreas) - **Cofactors**: Low pH (H⁺) and Cl⁻ in the stomach - **Energy generated**: Does NOT generate ATP - **Product molecules**: Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids - Bile (from liver) emulsifies fats to increase surface area for lipase action - Products are absorbed by epithelial cells in intestines and transported by bloodstream ## Stage 2: Glycolysis (Glucose Breakdown) - **Location**: Cytosol - **Function**: Breakdown of glucose molecules to pyruvate - **Enzymes involved**: 10 distinct enzymes - **Oxygen requirement**: Does NOT require oxygen (anaerobic process) - **Products**: - Pyruvate (3-carbon molecule) - Limited ATP (small amounts) - NADH (carries high-energy electrons) - **Additional role**: Generates precursor molecules for synthesis of Mehr sehen

#biology #science #medical illustration

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