draw figure 1: 1.5 Theoretical Framework This research is grounded in an integrated theoretical framework that draws on three complementary perspectives: push–pull migration theory, realist evaluation (Context–Mechanism–Outcome), and system dynamics theory. Together, these frameworks provide a comprehensive lens for understanding the determinants of health workforce migration, the functioning of policy interventions within specific contexts, and the dynamic behavior of the health system over time. 1.5.1 Push-Pull Migration Theory The push–pull theory of migration, originally articulated by Ravenstein and subsequently developed by Lee and others, offers a foundational framework for explaining health workforce migration. According to this theory, migration decisions are shaped by a combination of factors that “push” individuals away from their country of origin and factors that “pull” them toward destination countries (15)(22). These influences operate at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels and interact to shape individual migration choices. In the context of health workforce migration, key push factors include low and uncompetitive salaries, unfavorable working conditions such as high patient-to-staff ratios and long working hours, limited opportunities for career advancement, inadequate infrastructure and resources for professional practice, and broader political and economic constraints, including social restrictions and the effects of economic sanctions. Conversely, pull Mehr sehen