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Detailed illustration of the human endocrine system with labeled glands, hormones, and their pathways in a male figure.

🧠 Endocrine System — A&P II Exam Brief What the Endocrine System Does (BIG PICTURE) Uses hormones (chemical messengers) Hormones travel through the bloodstream Acts on target cells with specific receptors Controls long-term regulation: Growth & development Metabolism Reproduction Stress response Fluid & electrolyte balance Homeostasis ⚠️ Key exam idea: Hormones only affect cells that have the correct receptor 🔁 Regulation of Hormone Response Upregulation Low hormone levels Target cells increase receptor number Cell becomes more sensitive Example: Low thyroid hormone → more thyroid receptors Downregulation High hormone levels Target cells decrease receptor number Cell becomes less sensitive Example: Chronic high insulin → insulin resistance 🧬 Hormone Types (Quick Context) Water-soluble hormones (peptides, amines) Bind to cell membrane receptors Use second messengers (like cAMP) Fast, short-lived effects Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids, thyroid hormone) Enter the cell Bind intracellular receptors Affect gene transcription Slower, longer-lasting effects 🏛️ Endocrine Organs, Hormones & Functions Hypothalamus (link between nervous & endocrine) Releasing & inhibiting hormones Controls pituitary gland Maintains homeostasis Pituitary Gland (Master Gland) Anterior Pituitary Hormone Function GH Growth, metabolism TSH Stimulates thyroid ACTH Stimulates adrenal cortex FSH Gamete production LH Ovulation / testosterone PRL Milk production Posterior Pituitary Hormone Function ADH Mehr sehen

#anatomy #biology #medical illustration

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